This article summarizes a historical perspective on the nation’s experience in the development of nuclear physics, with a special emphasis on its relationship with the Cuban Nuclear Program and the scientific and technological achievements attained as well as their social and economic impact. The development of nuclear energy and nuclear facilities requires the creation of specialized institutions, the training of professionals in the field, the structuring of interdisciplinary groups made up of nuclear physicists and specialists in theoretical and experimental physics, and engineers and specialists in other areas. This article also addresses the multiple peaceful applications introduced in Cuba, particularly those related to the scientific nuclear program.